Tides,  how they are caused and predicted.

 The tides are the regular, predictable changes in sea level which every boater must know about. 

It is vitally important, for coastal Navigation, to understanding and be able to predict tidal effects.

	Why does the sea rise and fall?
	Tidal Phases.
	Predictions and Tables.
	The Unpredictable.
	Some Extremes.
	The Rule of Twelfths.

Why does the sea rise and fall?

The rise and fall of sea levels are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon and are also affected by centrifugal forces generated by the earth’s rotation. 

The effect is subject to the relationship between the earth, the moon and the sun at any given time. 

The moon being closer to the Earth has a greater influence on the oceans than the sun. 

As the moon rotates around Earth a tidal bulge occurs beneath the moon where its gravitational pull is greatest.

Meanwhile, on the opposite side of the globe, where the moons pull is negative the centrifugal force of the earth’s rotation creates a second bulge away from the moon. 

These are the high tides, between which are the low waters. 

It is also why there are normally two tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes, which is the time it takes for the moon to rotate around Earth.

And it is that extra 50 minutes which mean the times alter from day to day. 

However these ‘lunar tides’ are modified by the ‘solar-tides’ caused by the gravitational pull of the sun.

It is this reinforcing or partially canceling out of the ‘lunar-tide’ which causes springs and neaps.

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Tidal Phases

Most coastlines experience a high water every 12 hours 25 minutes with a corresponding low water in between, these are known as ‘semi-diurnal’. 

However these are also influenced by the shape of the coastline and sea bed. 

Coastal geography can, in some places, cause double high waters, or double low waters. 

There are even some coasts which have only one, ‘diurnal’ tidal phase per day and places where it can vary between ‘diurnal’ and ‘semi-diurnal’.

As the tide rises, ‘floods’, and falls, ‘ebbs’, it produces what are known as tidal streams.

'Slack water’ is the interval at high and low water where the stream ceases momentarily before changing direction.

‘Spring-tides’, the highest high waters and corresponding lowest low waters occur a day or so after the full moon.

‘Neaps’, where the tidal range is least, occur shortly after the Moon is in its First and Third Quarter. 

The time between high and low water is approximately the same whether it’s a neap or spring tide. 

So, this means that at springs the water has to rise further so the ‘stream’ must be faster, than at neaps. 

The largest tidal ranges of the year, the ‘equinoctial-spring-tides’, occur shortly after the new and full moon closest to the equinoxes. 

The spring or ‘vernal’ equinox is usually around the 21st of March, and the autumnal equinox around the 23rd of September.

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Predictions and Tables.

Nautical Almanac 2010 As the tides are caused by the gravitational influences of the Earth-Moon-Sun and as the behavior of their orbits are known extremely accurately, so their influence on the oceans can be predicted.

However, as the topography also has an influence, each location has to have its own record of tidal behavior over time using a tide-gauge.

By combining all this information, fairly accurate predictions for any date in the future, at a given location, can be made.

However, there are factors such as changes in seabed, rises in sea level, as well as the weather that will affect tidal behavior at any given time.

Tables generally give a list of the maximum and minimum sea levels heights and times for each day.

However, the heights given are related to a chart datum.

To calculate the actual depth of water at a given point, add the charted depth to the height in the tables.

Areas which dry will be shown on the chart as having negative values these should be subtracted from the tabulated height.

You must always check that your charts and tables are based on the same datum.

The most commonly used datums are ‘lowest astronomical tide’ and ‘mean lower low water’.

N. O. A. A. In the United States uses the mean-lower-low-water, MLLW, as its datum.

This means that some tidal states may show as having a negative height.

Most other national hydrographical charting agencies use the lowest-astronomical-tide (LAT) as their datum.

The advantage of using LAT is that all tabulated heights are shown as positive numbers.

The Unpredictable.

It should be remembered that the tables for a given location are predictions based on average historical data.

They cannot allow for unpredictable conditions. 

There are other factors which contribute to the rise and fall of the sea level. 

Meteorological effects such as wind and atmospheric pressure can also contribute. 

A storm surge for instance can add several meters to the predicted water level.

Wind can speed up or retard the time of high or low water depending on whether it is with or against the tidal stream.

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Some Extremes.

The most famous example of an extreme tidal range is that of the Bay of Fundy, where the difference between high and low water, the range, can exceed 16 meters. 

This is closely followed by the Bristol Channel where the extreme range at Avonmouth is just over 15 meters. 

While on the other hand areas like the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea have no significant rise and fall except close to their narrow entrances. 

However, fast tidal streamscan occur anywhere where tide flowing from one large area of water to another has to pass through a narrow channel.